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Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in another order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from near ancestors of cockroaches during the Triassic.

Approximately 3,106 species are currently clarified, using a couple hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they are not ants. .

Like ants and a few bees and wasps in the distinct order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females called"queens". Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, dirt, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most prosperous groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies using several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens allegedly living around 30 to 50 years.

Colonies are described as superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human civilizations and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as pests which can cause serious damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are considered as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso (equivalent ) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the prior word tarmes.

The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of their intimate relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were previously placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis appeared when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 affirmed the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus stocks the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not display social attributes, but Cryptocercus takes care of its young and displays other societal behavior such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested a more conservative step of retaining the termites right here since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites in family level and under.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely associated with cockroaches and mantids, and they're classified in the exact same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and ancient fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they probably originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin would be the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological resemblance to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest discovered is thought to be by the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, where the earliest known faecal pellets were also discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged previously have confronted controversy.

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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may return to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been found in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of this fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., however, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in learn the facts here now fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded out of the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like attributes that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality which is because of convergent evolution2930 with termites being the very first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large in comparison to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, that was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of roughly 500Mb,32 while two subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.

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